The Iraqi Woman in the Face of Climate Change: Challenges, Obstacles, and Empowerment Strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58298/762024480Keywords:
Political Empowerment of Iraqi Women, Climate Change, Empowerment BarriersAbstract
The research aimed to diagnose and analyze the factors that make Iraqi women more vulnerable to the effects of climate change compared to men, in addition to raising awareness of women's issues in this field. This is because their inclusion in the formulation of climate change policies and strategies has become a global issue and ranks high in achieving sustainable development goals. The researcher used a descriptive, analytical, and statistical approach to analyze the research topics. The research reached several conclusions, including that the more empowered women are, the more successful a state's strategic plans are. They are more willing to participate in climate change adaptation strategies, contributing to the sustainability of natural resources, water conservation, land reclamation, enriching international negotiations, and being part of the solution, on equal footing with men, either by their presence in Iraqi delegations participating in climate negotiations or through their participation in international forums related to the environment and climate change. The research recommended the integration of women into all national climate change policies, strategies, and measures, and learning from the experiences of some countries that have implemented this approach.
References
ELS Lecoutere et.al, Empowering Women through Targeting Information or Role Models: Evidence from an Experiment in Agricultural Extension in Uganda. World Development journal , vol 167, 2023, p8.
Kathlee Freeman, A project in My Loi climate-smart village helps women and ethnic minorities access weather data and use it to inform agriculture decisions , research program on Climate Change AGRICULTURE AND FOOD security, 4 sep 2018, accessed: 7 Auguest 2023, FOR LINK: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/news/weather-forecasts-all-improving-access-weather-information-women-and-ethnic-minorities
UN environment programme, Empowering women on the frontlines of climate change, 8 Mar 2019, accessed: 10 August 2023, for link: https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/empowering-women-frontlines-climate-change.
Permanent Mission of The Republic Of Iraq To The United Nation In Geneva, accessed: 15 August 2023, for link: https://mofa.gov.iq/geneva/?page_id=314
Muhammed, and Al-Dabbas, Impact of Climatic Change and Shortage of Water Flow on the Euphrates River Water Salinity between Al-Hindyia and Al-Nasiriya, Southern Iraq, Iraqi Geological Journal , vol 55 , No2, 2022, p52.
Alston, Margaret, Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Routledge, 2015, P175.
Ameri, Ismael et.al, Drought Severity and Increased Dust Storm Frequency in the Middle East: A Case Study from the Tigris–Euphrates Alluvial Plain, Central Iraq, Weather News Journal, vol. 74 NO12, 2019, P420.
Aminah Ali Muhammad, Women's political empowerment and its impact on sustainable development, The International and political Journal, issue43, college of political science, Mustansiriyah University, 2020,p 262.
Arab Barometer , Iraq: Public Opinion Poll Report , seventh Session, 2021-2022, p 20-21.
Araw Fakhri Bdulateef AL-bayati, The problem of political empowerment of woman with disabilities in light of Iraqi legislation, Journal of Political Science, University of Baghdad, Issue 63 .
ESCWA et.al. , Promoting women's political participation Women running for elected office in Iraq: Obstacles and requirements for overcoming them, report, Baghdad, 2020, p6.
Fahim Nimah Idris Al-Yasiri, The conditions of women and children in Iraq under the economic blockade 1990-1-2003, Wasit Journal for Humanities and social science , issue50, vol. 18, Wasit Univesity, 2022, p14.
Firas Farhan Jedi, the relationship between financial inclusion and women's Empowerment: evidence from Iraq, Journal of Business and Management Studies, vol. 4, No.3, JBMS, P112.
Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, Women speak the lived Nexus Between climate and security, Geneva, 2022, p4.
GFDRR et.al, Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Disaster Recovery: Disaster Recovery Guidance Series, 2020, P30.
IHEC, The results of the Parliament elections2021, accessed:4 DEC 2023, for link:https://ihec.iq/result2021/
Institute for Economics & Peace, Changing Perceptions in a Changing Climate, Sydeny, 2021.
IOM , Migration , Environment , and Climate Change in Iraq, Baghdad, 2022.
IQAir First in Air Quality , Accessed August 5, 2023, for link: https://www.iqair.com/.
Iraqi Ministry of Planning, central statistical Organization Iraq, The reality of woman and men in ministries and state institutions in Iraq, 2020, p7
Iraqi Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization, Population Status of Iraq for the Year 2022, accessed: 19 August 2023, for link: https://mop.gov.iq/archives/8252
Iraqi Parliament Monitor, Committees, accessed: 5 SEP2023, for link: http://www.miqpm.com/2018/Committees.php
Jamila Abass, Women grow 70% of Africa's food. But have few rights over the land they tend, World Economic Forum,2018, accessed: 14 August 2023, for link: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/03/women-farmers-food-production-land-rights
Layth Dhannoon Hussein, Enabling women ' s rights in the Iraqi constitution, Tikrit University Journal of Law, college of right, Issue 1, Volume 5, Year 5, 2020, p397.
Masood, T. K., and S. S. Shahadha ,Simulating The Effect Of Climate Change On Winter Wheat Production And Water / Nitrogen Use Efficiency In Iraq: Case Study, Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol 52, No4, 2021,p1003.
Ministry of Planning / Central Statistical Organization, Department of Human Development Statistics, Sustainable Development Towards Better Empowerment for Women and Girls, 2018, p11.
Ministry of Planning / Central Statistical Organization, Survey of Information and Communication Technology Usage for Households and Individuals for the Year 2019, 2020, p112.
Ministry of Planning in Iraq, Central Statistical Organization, Women and Men Report, Baghdad, 2021, p29.
Nagham Hussein Al-naama,Ahmed Nouri Hassan, The role of Financial inclusion in providing financial support woman in Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection, , issue 2, volume11, University of Baghdad, 2019, p21.
Omaima Abu Al-Khair, Emirati women's problems between political and societal empowerment A case study of the Emirates, AL-ADAB Journal, University of Baghdad, Issue 128, Volume 1, 2019
Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Planning, The future we want Iraq vision for Sustainable Development2030, 2019, p1.
Roy, et al, Synergies and Trade-Offs between Climate Change Adaptation Options and Equality: A Review of the Global Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications ,vol 9 , No 1 , 2022, p5 .
Saad Ali Rayhan Al-Muhammadi , strategic management and comtemporary administrations Empowerment- change- contradiction- Negotiation, Amman, Dar Al-Yazori for Publication and Distribution, vol3, 2002, p65.
SAAVI, Climate Change Risks and Opportunities in Iraqi Agrifood Value Chains, 2021, p10-12.
Summary of policies for social dialogue and decent work in the agricultural sector. Ways to improve the work environment and implement occupational health and safety requirements, may, 2023, p10.
Taghreed Ramiz hashim AL-athari, Saddon Shelal Dhahir, political participation of woman in iraqi parliamentry election after2003, Journal of the College of Basic Education for Educational and Human Sciences / University of Babylon, Issue43, 2019, p1720.
Takoi K. Hamrita et al. , How US Women in STEM Feel in Male-Dominated Study and Work Cultures How US Women in STEM Feel in Male-Dominated Study and Work Cultures, International Journal of Science and Technology, vol.15, No1, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 2023, P121.
The General Secretariat for council of Ministers, council of Ministers, accessed: 15 August 2023, for link: https://cabinet.iq/uploads/EighthIraqiGovernment/index.html
The General Secretariat for council of Ministers, Women’s Empowerment Department, National Strategy for Iraqi Women (2023-2030), P26.
UN Environment, Unlocking information for action and measuring the SDGs, 2019, p117.
UNDP-UN Women, Guide to Indicators of woman and men Equality, States, Regional Office for Arab, Oman, 2004, 41.
UNESCO, Empowering women brings significant benefits to the environment, according to a report by UNESCO, Paris, 2016, p1.
United Nation, Climate Change Exacerbates Violence against Women and Girls, 2022 , accessed 2 Dec 2023, for link: https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2022/07/climate-change-exacerbates-violence-against-women-and-girls.
United Nation, Panel Discussion on Women’s Rights and Climate Change: Climate Action, Good Practices and Lessons Learned , 28 June 2019, accssed: 28 Nov2023, for link:https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2019/06/panel-discussion-womens-rights-and-climate-change-climate-action-good-practices.
United Nation, Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022, New York, 2022, p36.
United Nations, Fourth World Conference on Women, 4-15 September, Beijing, 1995, p1-6.
UNSDG, Women and girls around the world are leading the fight against climate change, 8 March 2022, accessed: 7 september 2023, for link: https://unsdg.un.org/latest/stories/women-and-girls-leading-fight-against-climate-change
Women in Tech Statistics 2023 Uncovering Trends and Unseen Data by WomenTech Network, Women In Teach Network, Accessed:8-8-2023, for link: https://www.womentech.net/en-us/women-technology-statistics
World bank , climate change knowledge for development practitioners policy makers, Iraq country, currecnt climate, accessed: 3 sep 2023, for link: https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/iraq/climate-data-historical
World Health Organization, Climate Change , 12 oct 2023, accssed: 20 Nov , for link: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health
Zainab Ali Hussein, Ahmed Yassin Abd Al-Karim, Indicators of capacity development of women and children in Iraq: opportunities and challenges, Ministry of Planning - central Statistical Organization IRAQ , Baghdad, 2022, p12.
Zalak Desai, and Ying Zhang,Climate Change and Women’s Health: A Scoping Review, GeoHealth journal vol 5 , No 9, 2021, p6.
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 شيماء محمد ناصر
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution (CC BY) 4.0 international license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, and to alter, transform, or build upon the material, including for commercial use, providing the original author is credited.
